Cadmium
Doublet Separations
- Cd 3d: 6.8 eV
- Cd 3p: 34.2 eV
- Cd 4d: 0.65 eV
The Energies Listed are Binding Energies!
- Sb 3d: 528 eV
- Sb 3p: 766 eV
- Sb 4s: 152 eV
- Sb 4p: 99 eV
- Sb 4d: 32 eV
The Energies Listed are Binding Energies!
Sb is primarily analyzed via the 3d orbital
- Dy MNN b (Al source) (517 eV)
- Re 4p1/2 (518 eV)
- Pt 4p3/2 (519 eV)
- V 2p1/2 (519.8 eV)
- Rh 3p1/2 (521 eV)
- O 1s (529.1 eV)
- Pd 3p3/2 (531 eV)
- Hf 4s (538 eV)
- Au 4p3/2 (546 eV)
Energies listed are Kinetic Energies!
Sb MNN: ~ 450 eV
The Energies Listed are Binding Energies!
Cadmium (Cd) is a soft, bluish-white metal that is chemically similar to zinc and mercury. It is primarily used in the production of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries, which are widely used in portable electronic devices and power tools. Cadmium is also used as a corrosion-resistant coating for steel and as a stabilizer in plastics. Additionally, it is employed in the manufacturing of pigments, particularly in yellow, orange, and red colours. Cadmium’s role in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber in control rods is another significant application. Surface analysis of cadmium is crucial because it helps understand the material’s surface chemistry, which influences its reactivity, corrosion resistance, and interaction with other materials.
Cd salts generally increase in binding energy as the Cd centre increases in positive charge (although the shift is not large) – except in the case of CdO. This is due to an unusually large extra-atomic relaxation energy contribution, which exceeds predictions from nearest neighbour electronegativity arguments.[5]
Cadmium can be tricky to speciate, so recording the Cd MNN auger is recommended.
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- Hammond, J. S., S. W. Gaarenstroom, and Nicholas Winograd. “X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of cadmium-and silver-oxygen surfaces.” Analytical Chemistry 47.13 (1975): 2193-2199. Read it online here. Read it online here.
- Islam, R., and D. R. Rao. “X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of Zn1− xCdxSe thin films.” Journal of electron spectroscopy and related phenomena 81.1 (1996): 69-77. Read it online here.
- Ospina, Rogelio, Sergio A. Rincón-Ortiz, and Jhonatan Rodriguez-Pereira. “Cadmium selenide by XPS.” Surface Science Spectra 27.1 (2020). Read it online here.
- Barreca, Davide, et al. “Nanostructured cadmium sulfide thin films by XPS.” Surface Science Spectra 9.1 (2002): 46-53. Read it online here.
- Gaarenstroom, S. W., and N. J. T. J. Winograd. “Initial and final state effects in the ESCA spectra of cadmium and silver oxides.” The Journal of chemical physics 67.8 (1977): 3500-3506. Read it online here.
