Selenium
Doublet Separations
- Se 3d: 0.85 eV
- Se 3p: 6 eV
The Energies Listed are Binding Energies!
- Se 3s: 232 eV
- Se 3p: 162 eV
- Se 3d: 55 eV
The Energies Listed are Binding Energies!
Se is primarily analysed via the 3d orbital
- Zr 4s (52 eV)
- Sc 3s (53 eV)
- Li 1s (54 eV)
- Fe 3p (56 eV)
- Ag 4p (56 eV)
- Nb 4s (58 eV)
- Ti 3s (59 eV)
- Co 3p (60 eV)
Energies listed are Kinetic Energies!
Se LMM: ~ 1350 eV
Selenium is typically analysed by the 3d region, which is at very low binding energy, and as such the analysis will comprise of a relatively deep slice of the material surface (compared to elements like oxygen etc).
In layered materials (e.g. GaSe photovoltaics) it may be prudent to compare peaks of a similar binding energy (e.g. Ga 3p instead of Ga 2p), or correct for the attenuation if IMFP calculation is possible.
Selenium has a very large auger region, spanning around 100 – 500 eV when using an Al X-ray source. Recording peaks in this region when Se is present may require wider than typical analysis regions.
Background creation may be tricky in the 100-500 eV region, so if possible record a ‘blank’ reference (e.g. Se(0) to get an appreciation for how the Se LMM behaves in the area of interest.
C 1s is a notable example of a region with significant Auger intensity.
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- Ueno, Tokihiro. “Chemical shifts of photoelectron and auger lines in Ag-or Cu-doped amorphous GeSe2 and As2Se3.” Japanese journal of applied physics 22.10R (1983): 1469. Read it online here.
- Rodriguez-Pereira, Jhonatan, et al. “Molybdenum diselenide thin films grown by atomic layer deposition: An XPS analysis.” Surface Science Spectra 27.2 (2020). Read it online here.
- Tufts, Bruce J., et al. “XPS and EXAFS studies of the reactions of cobalt (III) ammine complexes with gallium arsenide surfaces.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 112.13 (1990): 5123-5136. Read it online here.
